Evaluation of portable colposcopy and human papillomavirus testing for screening of cervical cancer in rural China

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of a portable, rechargeable colposcope combined with human papillomavirus (HPV) testing, as compared with HPV testing alone, for screening of cervical cancer and pre-cancerous lesions. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study among 488 women in Baoshan County, Yunnan. The women underwent HPV testing followed by Gynocular portable colposcopy with visual inspection with acetic acid. Obvious lesions were biopsied. If portable colposcopy testing was negative but HPV testing was positive, the women underwent follow-up testing with thin-prep cytology and traditional colposcopy. Cervical biopsies were performed for any abnormalities. Histopathology was followed up with diagnosis and treatment. RESULTS: Among 488 women screened with portable colposcopy, 24 women underwent biopsy based on positive colposcopy screening. Of these 24 women, three were HPV positive and 21 were HPV negative. Five women had cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN) I and one had advanced cervical cancer. Forty-six women tested positive for HPV. Three of these women had screened positive on preliminary colposcopy, with one positive for CIN III/squamous cell carcinoma and one woman with CIN I. Forty-three women underwent follow-up testing with thin-prep cytology. Two women had atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance and five had low-grade squamous intra-epithelial lesions and were biopsied; three women had CIN I, one had CIN II and one had CIN III. HPV testing and portable colposcopy was more sensitive but slightly less specific than portable colposcopy or HPV testing alone. CONCLUSION: While HPV testing has high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of pre-cancerous and cancerous lesions and portable colposcopy has lower specificity, both methods of detection have low positive predictive value and high negative predictive value. In tandem, HPV testing and portable colposcopy had higher sensitivity for detection among women who underwent biopsies. In clinical practice, portable colposcopy was an effective, easy and affordable tool to transport to villages where cytology is not currently feasible

Creating Wealth and Welfare

Summaries This article examines the role of China's rural township and village governments in welfare provision. In it, I first describe the role of local officials in the promotion of collective and private enterprise, and the relationship between these entrepreneurial activities and more traditional responsibilities of government, particularly social assistance and welfare provision. The extraordinary development of China's township and village enterprises created resources which have frequently been channelled towards the provision of public goods and welfare. Examination of policy changes and budget allocations for rural welfare highlights the extent to which localities are dependent on their own funding sources. In conclusion, I suggest that new initiatives in fiscal reform may limit the entrepreneurial capacity of local governments, reducing their control over resources and thus their capacity to meet welfare responsibilities

Binding specificities of human RNA-binding proteins toward structured and linear RNA sequences

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) regulate RNA metabolism at multiple levels by affecting splicing of nascent transcripts, RNA folding, base modification, transport, localization, translation, and stability. Despite their central role in RNA function, the RNA-binding specificities of most RBPs remain unknown or incompletely defined. To address this, we have assembled a genome-scale collection of RBPs and their RNA-binding domains (RBDs) and assessed their specificities using high-through-put RNA-SELEX (HTR-SELEX). Approximately 70% of RBPs for which we obtained a motif bound to short linear sequenc-es, whereas similar to 30% preferred structured motifs folding into stem-loops. We also found that many RBPs can bind to multiple distinctly different motifs. Analysis of the matches of the motifs in human genomic sequences suggested novel roles for many RBPs. We found that three cytoplasmic proteins-ZC3H12A, ZC3H12B, and ZC3H12C-bound to motifs resembling the splice donor sequence, suggesting that these proteins are involved in degradation of cytoplasmic viral and/or unspliced transcripts. Structural analysis revealed that the RNA motif was not bound by the conventional C3H1 RNA-binding domain of ZC3H12B. Instead, the RNA motif was bound by the ZC3H12B's PilT N terminus (PIN) RNase domain, revealing a po-tential mechanism by which unconventional RBDs containing active sites or molecule-binding pockets could interact with short, structured RNA molecules. Our collection containing 145 high-resolution binding specificity models for 86 RBPs is the largest systematic resource for the analysis of human RBPs and will greatly facilitate future analysis of the various bi-ological roles of this important class of proteins.Peer reviewe

Research on accounting information sharing mechanism from the perspective of national governance

Accounting information sharing plays an important role in giving full play to the resource allocation effect of accounting information and promoting the modernization of national governance. It is one of the main tasks of the 13th five year plan for accounting reform and development of the Ministry of finance to establish a public service platform for social accounting information based on the disclosure of financial report data. In view of a series of problems brought about by the current accounting information multi submission, different caliber, mutual independence and non sharing, this paper discusses the mechanism and implementation path of accounting information sharing from the perspective of national governance, and puts forward a vertical through, horizontal interaction, internal integration and national unified accounting information sharing service system. Through the establishment of accounting information platform, accounting information can be “Count one, share resources”